kontera

Friday, December 11, 2009

Gandhi's principles

Swaraj
Main article: Swaraj
Gandhi was a self-described philosophical anarchist,[94][95] and his vision of India meant India without an underlying government.[96] He once said that "the ideally nonviolent state would be an ordered anarchy."[97] While political systems are largely hierarchical, with each layer of authority from the individual to the central government have increasing levels of authority over the layer below, Gandhi believed that society should be the exact opposite, where nothing is done without the consent of anyone, down to the individual. His idea was that trueself-rule in a country means that every person rules his or herself and that there is no state which enforces laws upon the people.[98][99]This would be achieved over time with nonviolent conflict mediation, as power is divested from layers of hierarchical authorities, ultimately to the individual, which would come to embody the ethic of nonviolence. Rather than a system where rights are enforced by a higher authority, people are self-governed by mutual responsibilities. On returning from South Africa, when Gandhi received a letter asking for his participation in writing a world charter for human rights, he responded saying, "in my experience, it is far more important to have a charter for human duties." [100] A free India for him meant the existence of thousands of self sufficient small communities (an idea possibly fromTolstoy) who rule themselves without hindering others. It did not mean merely transferring a British established administrative structure into Indian hands which he said was just making Hindustan into Englistan.[101] He wanted to ultimately dissolve the Congress Party after independence and establish a system of direct democracy in India,[102] having no faith in the British styled parliamentary system.[101]
Literary works

Young India, a journal published by Gandhi
Gandhi was a prolific writer. For decades he edited several newspapers including Harijan in Gujarati,Hindi and English; Indian Opinion while in South Africa and, Young India, in English, and Navajivan, a Gujarati monthly, on his return to India. Later Navajivan was also published in Hindi.[103] In addition, he wrote letters almost every day to individuals and newspapers.
Gandhi also wrote several books including his autobiography, An Autobiography of My Experiments with Truth, Satyagraha in South Africa about his struggle there, Hind Swaraj or Indian Home Rule, a political pamphlet, and a paraphrase in Gujarati of John Ruskin's Unto This Last.[104] This last essay can be considered his program on economics. He also wrote extensively on vegetarianism, diet and health, religion, social reforms, etc. Gandhi usually wrote in Gujarati, though he also revised the Hindi and English translations of his books.
Gandhi's complete works were published by the Indian government under the name The Collected Works of Mahatma Gandhi in the 1960s. The writings comprise about 50,000 pages published in about a hundred volumes. In 2000, a revised edition of the complete works sparked a controversy, as Gandhian followers argue that the government incorporated the changes for political purposes. The Indian government later withdrew the revised edition.[105]
Legacy and depictions in popular culture
See also: List of artistic depictions of Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi
The word Mahatma, while often mistaken for Gandhi's given name in the West, is taken from the Sanskrit words maha meaning Great andatma meaning Soul. Most sources, such as Dutta and Robinson's Rabindranath Tagore: An Anthology, state that Rabindranath Tagorefirst accorded the title of Mahatma to Gandhi.[106] Other sources state that Nautamlal Bhagavanji Mehta accorded him this title on 21 January 1915.[107] In his autobiography, Gandhi nevertheless explains that he never felt worthy of the honour.[108] According to themanpatra, the honorific Mahatma was given in response to Gandhi's admirable sacrifice in manifesting justice and truth.[109]
Followers and influence
Gandhi influenced important leaders and political movements. Leaders of the civil rights movement in the United States, including Martin Luther King and James Lawson, drew from the writings of Gandhi in the development of their own theories about non-violence.[110][111][112]Anti-apartheid activist and former President of South Africa, Nelson Mandela, was inspired by Gandhi.[20] Others include Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan,[113] Steve Biko, Aung San Suu Kyi [114] and Philippine opposition leader during the dictatorship of Ferdinand Marcos,Benigno Aquino, Jr.
"Christ gave us the goals and Mahatma Gandhi the tactics." - Martin Luther King Jr, 1955 [115]
Gandhi's life and teachings inspired many who specifically referred to Gandhi as their mentor or who dedicated their lives to spreading Gandhi's ideas. In Europe, Romain Rolland was the first to discuss Gandhi in his 1924 book Mahatma Gandhi, and Brazilian anarchist andfeminist Maria Lacerda de Moura wrote about Gandhi in her work on pacifism. In 1931, notable European physicist Albert Einsteinexchanged written letters with Gandhi, and called him "a role model for the generations to come" in a later writing about him.[116] Lanza del Vasto went to India in 1936 intending to live with Gandhi; he later returned to Europe to spread Gandhi's philosophy and founded theCommunity of the Ark in 1948 (modeled after Gandhi's ashrams). Madeleine Slade (known as "Mirabehn") was the daughter of a British admiral who spent much of her adult life in India as a devotee of Gandhi.
In addition, the British musician John Lennon referred to Gandhi when discussing his views on non-violence.[117] At the Cannes Lions International Advertising Festival in 2007, former U.S. Vice-President and environmentalist Al Gore spoke of Gandhi's influence on him.[118]Finally, prior to becoming President of the United States, then-Senator Barack Obama noted that:
Throughout my life, I have always looked to Mahatma Gandhi as an inspiration, because he embodies the kind of transformational change that can be made when ordinary people come together to do extraordinary things. That is why his portrait hangs in my Senate office: to remind me that real results will come not just from Washington – they will come from the people.[119]
Obama at the Wakefield High School speech in Sept 2009, said that his biggest inspiration came from Mahatma Gandhi. It was when a question posed on him as 'who was the one person, dead or live, that he would choose to dine with?' and his quick reply was 'Gandhi!'. He continued and said that - "He's somebody I find a lot of inspiration in. He inspired Dr. King with his message of nonviolence. He ended up doing so much and changed the world just by the power of his ethics".[120]
National holidays
Gandhi's birthday, 2 October, is a national holiday in India, Gandhi Jayanti. On 15 June 2007, it was announced that the "United Nations General Assembly" has "unanimously adopted" a resolution declaring 2 October as "the International Day of Non-Violence."[121] India observes January 30, the day of his assassination, as Martyr's Day, to commemorate those who gave up their lives in service of the Indian nation.
On 30 January every year, on the anniversary of the death of Mahatma Gandhi, in schools of many countries is observed the School Day of Non-violence and Peace (DENIP), founded in Spain in 1964. In countries with a Southern Hemisphere school calendar, it can be observed on 30 March or thereabouts.
Awards
Time magazine named Gandhi the Man of the Year in 1930. Gandhi was also the runner-up to Albert Einstein as "Person of the Century"[122] at the end of 1999. Time Magazine named The Dalai Lama, Lech Wałęsa, Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., Cesar Chavez, Aung San Suu Kyi, Benigno Aquino, Jr., Desmond Tutu, and Nelson Mandela as Children of Gandhi and his spiritual heirs to non-violence.[123]The Government of India awards the annual Mahatma Gandhi Peace Prize to distinguished social workers, world leaders and citizens.Nelson Mandela, the leader of South Africa's struggle to eradicate racial discrimination and segregation, is a prominent non-Indian recipient.
Gandhi never received the Nobel Peace Prize, although he was nominated five times between 1937 and 1948, including the first-ever nomination by the American Friends Service Committee,[124] though he made the short list only twice, in 1937 and 1947.[125] Decades later, the Nobel Committee publicly declared its regret for the omission, and admitted to deeply divided nationalistic opinion denying the award.[citation needed] Gandhi was nominated in 1948 but was assassinated before nominations closed. That year, the committee chose not to award the peace prize stating that "there was no suitable living candidate" and later research shows that the possibility of awarding the prize posthumously to Gandhi was discussed and that the reference to no suitable living candidate was to Gandhi.[125] When the Dalai Lama was awarded the Prize in 1989, the chairman of the committee said that this was "in part a tribute to the memory of Mahatma Gandhi."[125]
Film and literature
Mahatma Gandhi has been portrayed in film, literature, and in the theater. Ben Kingsley portrayed Gandhi in the 1982 film Gandhi. Gandhi is also a central theme in the 2006 Bollywood film Lage Raho Munna Bhai. The 2007 film, Gandhi, My Father explores the relationship between Gandhi and his son Harilal. The 1996 film, The Making of the Mahatma, documents Gandhi's 21 years in South Africa.
Several biographers have undertaken the task of describing Gandhi's life. Among them are: D. G. Tendulkar with his Mahatma. Life of Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi in eight volumes, and Pyarelal and Sushila Nayar with their Mahatma Gandhi in 10 volumes.
See also
Gandhi Memorial International Foundation
Gandhi Peace Prize
Notes
^ Bhattacharya, Sabyasachi (1997), The Mahatma and the Poet, New Delhi: National Book Trust, India, p. 1
^ Gandhi means "grocer" in Gujarati (L. R. Gala, Popular Combined Dictionary, English-English-Gujarati & Gujarati-Gujarati-English, Navneet), or "perfumer" in Hindi (Bhargava's Standard Illustrated Dictionary Hindi-English).
^ Fischer, Louis (1954), Gandhi:His life and message for the world, Mentor
^ a b c d e f g h Tendulkar, D. G. (1951), Mahatma volume 1, Delhi: Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India
^ Pitirim Aleksandrovich Sorokin, The ways and power of love, 2002
^ Lloyd I. Rudolph , Gandhi, the traditional roots of charisma, 1983
^ Gandhi 1940, pp. 5–7
^ Gandhi 1940, p. 9
^ Gandhi 1940, pp. 20–22
^ a b c d e f Brown, Judith M (1989), Gandhi:Prisoner of Hope, New Haven: Yale University Press, p. 22
^ a b Fischer, Louis (1962), Essential Gandhi, New York: Random House
^ Gandhi 1940, p. 99
^ Gandhi 1940, p. 93
^ The Collected Works of Mahatma Gandhi. 8. p. 199.
^ The Collected Works of Mahatma Gandhi. 3. p. 255.
^ The Collected Works of Mahatma Gandhi. 2. p. 270.
^ a b Rory Carroll, "Gandhi branded racist as Johannesburg honours freedom fighter", The Guardian, 17 October 2003.
^ The Making of a Political Reformer: Gandhi in South Africa, 1893–1914. Surendra Bhana and Goolam Vahed, 2005: p.44
^ The Making of a Political Reformer: Gandhi in South Africa, 1893–1914. Surendra Bhana and Goolam Vahed, 2005: p.45
^ a b Nelson Mandela, The Sacred Warrior: The liberator of South Africa looks at the seminal work of the liberator of India, Time Magazine, 3 January 2000.
^ The Making of a Political Reformer: Gandhi in South Africa, 1893–1914. Surendra Bhana and Goolam Vahed, 2005: p.149
^ Collected Works of Mahatma Gandhi Vol 5 Document#393 from Gandhi: Behind the Mask of Divinity p106
^ "Sergeant Major Gandhi". Gandhism.net. Retrieved 2009-03-03.
^ Collected Works of Mahatma Gandhi VOL 5 p 410
^ Gandhi: An Autobiography: The Story of My Experiments with Truth, trans. Mahaved Desai, (Boston, Beacon Press, 1993) p313
^ http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Chronology_of_Mahatma_Gandhi%27s_life/India_1918 Chronology of Mahatma Gandhi
^ http://wikilivres.info/wiki/The_Story_of_My_Experiments_with_Truth/Part_V/Recruiting_Campaign Gandhi's Autobiography
^ a b http://www.wikilivres.info/wiki/Day_to_Day_with_Gandhi/Volume_1/Preface Day to Day with Gandhi by Mahadev Desai
^ http://www.gandhiserve.org/cwmg/VOL017.PDF 67. APPEAL FOR ENLISTMENT, NADIAD, June 22, 1918
^ http://www.gandhiserve.org/cwmg/VOL017.PDF 8. LETTER T0 J. L. MAFFEY, NADIAD, April 30, 1918
^ http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=3EAV6JhQmgkC&dq=MAHATMA+GANDHI%27S+IDEAS&printsec=frontcover&source=bl&ots=Iu-vC4NoY3&sig=EmVavrnCwpZfgZjk79JwPjQaips&hl=en&ei=zJ_ZSoaJBMaJ4QbQ1YTxCA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=9&ved=0CBwQ6AEwCA#v=onepage&q=&f=falseAndrews, C.F. (1930) Mahatma Gandhi's Ideas (Macmillan) P.133 Chapter VII The Teaching of Ahimsa
^ R. Gandhi, Patel: A Life, p. 82.
^ R. Gandhi, Patel: A Life, p. 89.
^ R. Gandhi, Patel: A Life, p. 105.
^ R. Gandhi, Patel: A Life, p. 131.
^ R. Gandhi, Patel: A Life, p. 172.
^ R. Gandhi, Patel: A Life, pp. 230–32.
^ R. Gandhi, Patel: A Life, p. 246.
^ R. Gandhi, Patel: A Life, pp. 277–81.
^ R. Gandhi, Patel: A Life, pp. 283–86.
^ R. Gandhi, Patel: A Life, p. 309.
^ R. Gandhi, Patel: A Life, p. 318.
^ reprinted in The Essential Gandhi: An Anthology of His Writings on His Life, Work, and Ideas., Louis Fischer, ed., 2002 (reprint edition) pp. 106–108.
^ reprinted in The Essential Gandhi: An Anthology of His Writings on His Life, Work, and Ideas.Louis Fischer, ed., 2002 (reprint edition) pp. 308–9.
^ Jack, Homer. The Gandhi Reader, p. 418.
^ "The life and death of Mahatma Gandhi", on BBC News, see section "Independence and partition."
^ reprinted in The Essential Gandhi: An Anthology of His Writings on His Life, Work, and Ideas, Louis Fischer, ed., 2002 (reprint edition) pp. 286-288.
^ R. Gandhi, Patel: A Life, p. 462.
^ Zamindar, Vazira Fazila-Yacoobali (2007). The long partition and the making of modern South Asia: refugees, boundaries, histories. Columbia University Press. p. 37-38. ISBN 023113846.
^ R. Gandhi, Patel: A Life, pp. 464–66.
^ R. Gandhi, Patel: A Life, p. 472.
^ Vinay Lal. ‘Hey Ram’: The Politics of Gandhi’s Last Words. Humanscape 8, no. 1 (January 2001): pp. 34–38.
^ Nehru's address on Gandhi's death. Retrieved on 15 March 2007.
^ a b c d e "Gandhi's ashes to rest at sea, not in a museum" The Guardian, 16 January 2008
^ "GANDHI'S ASHES SCATTERED" The Cincinnati Post, 30 January 1997 "For reasons no one knows, a portion of the ashes was placed in a safe deposit box at a bank in Cuttack, 1,100 miles (1,800 km) southeast of New Delhi. Tushar Gandhi went to court to gain custody of the ashes after newspapers reported in 1995 that they were at the bank."
^ Ferrell, David (2001-09-27). "A Little Serenity in a City of Madness". Los Angeles Times: pp. B 2.
^ Asirvatham, Eddy. Political Theory. S.chand. ISBN 8121903467.
^ Bharatan Kumarappa, Editor, "For Pacifists," by M.K. Gandhi, Navajivan Publishing House, Ahmedabad, India, 1949.
^ Gandhi, Mahatma (1972). Non-violence in peace and war, 1942–[1949]. Garland Publishing. ISBN 0-8240-0375-6.
^ Louis Fischer (1950), The life of Mahatma Gandhi, Harper, p. 348
^ Bondurant, p. 28.
^ Bondurant, p. 139.
^ reprinted in The Essential Gandhi: An Anthology of His Writings on His Life, Work, and Ideas., Louis Fischer, ed., 2002 (reprint edition) p. 311.
^ http://www.independent.ie/opinion/columnists/kevin-myers/armistice-day-poppycock-threatens-our-free-speech-1925850.html
^ Jack, Homer. The Gandhi Reader, pp. 319–20.
^ Jack, Homer. The Gandhi Reader, p. 322.
^ David Lewis Schaefer. What Did Gandhi Do?. National Review, 28 April 2003. Retrieved 21 March 2006; Richard Grenier. "The Gandhi Nobody Knows". Commentary Magazine. March 1983. Retrieved 21 March 2006.
^ Hertzberg, Arthur. The Zionist Idea. PA: Jewish Publications Society, 1997, pp. 463-464.; see also Gordon, Haim. "A Rejection of Spiritual Imperialism: Reflections on Buber's Letter to Gandhi." Journal of Ecumenical Studies, 22 June 1999.
^ Jack, Homer. The Gandhi Reader, Harijan, 26 November 1938, pp. 317–318.
^ Mohandas K. Gandhi. A Non-Violent Look at Conflict & Violence Published in Harijan on 26 November 1938
^ Laidlaw, James: Riches and Renunciation. Religion, economy, and society among the Jains, Oxford 1995, p. 166-169.
^ Jain Society: Some Discrepancies Between Principles And Practice. Retrieved on February 14, 2009.
^ Gandhi, Mahatma (1959). The Moral Basis of Vegetarianism. Online Books Page. Retrieved 2009-10-02.
^ "International Vegetarian Union — Mohandas K. Gandhi (1869–1948)".
^ Gokhale's Charity, My Experiments with Truth, M.K. Gandhi.
^ The Rowlatt Bills and my Dilemma, My Experiments with Truth, M.K. Gandhi.
^ "Time magazine people of the century". Time.com. Retrieved 2009-03-12.
^ The Story of My Experiments with Truth — An Autobiography, p. 176.
^ Birkett, Dea; Susanne Hoeber Rudolph, Lloyd I Rudolph. Gandhi: The Traditional Roots of Charisma. Orient Longman, 56. ISBN 0002160056
^ Caplan, Pat; Patricia Caplan (1987). The Cultural construction of sexuality. Routledge, 278. ISBN 0415040132
^ a b Parekh, Bhikhu C. (1999). Colonialism, Tradition and Reform: An Analysis of Gandhi's Political Discourse. Sage, 210. ISBN 0761993835.
^ Kumar, Girja (1997). The Book on Trial: Fundamentalism and Censorship in India. Har-Anand Publications, 98. ISBN 8124105251.
^ ^ a b Parekh, Bhikhu C. (1999). Colonialism, Tradition and Reform: An Analysis of Gandhi's Political Discourse. Sage, 210. ISBN 0761993835.
^ a b c ^ a b c Tidrick, Kathryn (2007). Gandhi: A Political and Spiritual Life. I.B.Tauris, 302–304. ISBN 1845111664.
^ ^ Tidrick, Kathryn (2007). Gandhi: A Political and Spiritual Life. I.B.Tauris, 160. ISBN 1845111664.
^ a b ^ a b Wolpert, Stanley (2001). Gandhi's Passion: The Life and Legacy of Mahatma Gandhi. Oxford University Press, 226–227. ISBN 019515634X.
^ ^ Kumar, Girja (1997). The Book on Trial: Fundamentalism and Censorship in India. Har-Anand Publishers, 73-107. ISBN 8124105251.
^ ^ Ghose, Sankar (1991). Mahatma Gandhi. Allied Publishers, 356. ISBN 8170232058.
^ The Story of My Experiments with Truth — An Autobiography, p. 177.
^ The Story of My Experiments with Truth — An Autobiography, p. 183.
^ Desai, Mahadev. The Gospel of Selfless Action, or, The Gita According To Gandhi. (Navajivan Publishing House: Ahmedabad: First Edition 1946). Other editions: 1948, 1951, 1956.
^ A shorter edition, omitting the bulk of Desai's additional commentary, has been published as: Anasaktiyoga: The Gospel of Selfless Action. Jim Rankin, editor. The author is listed as M.K. Gandhi; Mahadev Desai, translator. (Dry Bones Press, San Francisco, 1998) ISBN 1-883938-47-3.
^ "Overview of debates between Gandhi and Tagore". Indiatogether.org. Retrieved 2009-03-12.
^ Snow, Edgar. The Message of Gandhi. SEP, March 27, 1948. "Like Marx, Gandhi hated the state and wished to eliminate it, and he told me he considered himself 'a philosophical anarchist.'"
^ Articles on and by Gandhi, Retrieved on 7 June 2008.
^ Jesudasan, Ignatius. A Gandhian theology of liberation. Gujarat Sahitya Prakash: Ananda India, 1987, pp 236–237
^ From Discussion with BG Kher and others, August 15, 1940. Gandhi's Wisdom Box (1942), edited by Dewan Ram Parkash, p. 67 also in Collected works of Mahatma Gandhi Vol. 79 (PDF), p. 122
^ Murthy, Srinivas.Mahatma Gandhi and Leo Tolstoy Letters. Long Beach Publications: Long Beach, 1987, pp 13
^ Murthy, Srinivas.Mahatma Gandhi and Leo Tolstoy Letters. Long Beach Publications: Long Beach, 1987, pp 189.
^ Easwaran, Eknath. Gandhi, The Man. Nilgiri Press, 1998. Pg. 33.
^ a b Chapter VI Hind Swaraj by M.K. Gandhi
^ Bhattacharyya, Buddhadeva. Evolution of the political philosophy of Gandhi. Calcutta Book House: Calcutta, 1969, pp 479
^ Peerless Communicator by V.N. Narayanan. Life Positive Plus, October–December 2002
^ Gandhi, M. K. (in English; trans. from Gujarati) (PDF). Unto this Last: A paraphrase. Ahmedabad: Navajivan Publishing House. ISBN 81-7229-076-4.
^ Collected Works of Mahatma Gandhi (CWMG) Controversy (gandhiserve)
^ Dutta, Krishna and Andrew Robinson, Rabindranath Tagore: An Anthology, p. 2.
^ "Kamdartree: Mahatma and Kamdars".
^ M.K. Gandhi: An Autobiography. Retrieved 21 March 2006.
^ Documentation of how and when Mohandas K. Gandhi became known as the "Mahatma". Retrieved 21 March 2006.
^ King’s Trip to India
^ King moved, as father was, on trip to Gandhi's memorial
^ Placido P. D'Souza (2003-01-20). "COMMEMORATING MARTIN LUTHER KING JR.: Gandhi's influence on King". Sfgate.com. Retrieved 2009-03-12.
^ Abdul Ghaffar Khan (February 2002). "A pacifist uncovered". Findarticles.com. Retrieved 2009-03-12.
^ "An alternative Gandhi". Tribuneindia.com. 2004-02-22. Retrieved 2009-03-12.
^ Life Magazine: Remembering Martin Luther King Jr. 40 Years Later. Time Inc, 2008. Pg 12
^ "Einstein on Gandhi". Gandhiserve.org. 1931-10-18. Retrieved 2009-03-12.
^ Lennon Lives Forever. Taken from rollingstone.com. Retrieved on 20 May 2007.
^ Of Gandhigiri and Green Lion, Al Gore wins hearts at Cannes. Taken from exchange4media.com. Retrieved on 23 June 2007.
^ "Obama reluctant to seek changes in nuclear deal". The Hindu. 2008-12-07. Retrieved 2009-03-12.
^ "Obama says his biggest inspiration is Gandhi".
^ Chaudhury, Nilova (15 June 2007). "2 October is global non-violence day". hindustantimes.com (Hindustan Times). Retrieved 2007-06-15.
^ "The Time 100". Time Magazine Online. Retrieved 2009-03-03.
^ The Children Of Gandhi. Time (magazine). Retrieved on 21 April 2007.
^ AFSC's Past Nobel Nominations.
^ a b c Tønnesson, Øyvind (1 December 1999). "Mahatma Gandhi, the Missing Laureate". nobelprize.org.
Further reading
Bhana, Surendra and Goolam Vahed. The Making of a Political Reformer: Gandhi in South Africa, 1893–1914. New Delhi: Manohar, 2005.
Bondurant, Joan V. Conquest of Violence: The Gandhian Philosophy of Conflict. Princeton UP, 1988 ISBN 0-691-02281-X
Chernus, Ira. American Nonviolence: The History of an Idea, chapter 7. ISBN 1-57075-547-7
Chadha, Yogesh. Gandhi: A Life. ISBN 0-471-35062-1
Dalton, Dennis (ed). Mahatma Gandhi: Selected Political Writings. Indianapolis/Cambridge: Hackett Publishing Company, 1996. ISBN 0-87220-330-1
Eswaran, Eknath. Gandhi The Man. ISBN 0-915132-96-6
Fischer, Louis. The Essential Gandhi: An Anthology of His Writings on His Life, Work, and Ideas. Vintage: New York, 2002. (reprint edition) ISBN 1-4000-3050-1
Fischer, Louis. The Life of Mahatma Gandhi. Harper & Row, New York, 1950. ISBB 0-06-091038-0 (1983 pbk.)
Gandhi, M.K. Satyagraha in South Africa
Gandhi, M.K. The Gandhi Reader: A Sourcebook of His Life and Writings. Homer Jack (ed.) Grove Press, New York, 1956.
Gandhi, M.K. (1940), An Autobiography or The Story of My Experiments With Truth, Ahmedabad: Navajivan Publishing House. 2nd edition. Pp. xii, 404. (also available at wikisource), ISBN 0-8070-5909-9
Gandhi, Mahatma. The Collected Works of Mahatma Gandhi. New Delhi: Publications Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Govt. of India, 1994.
Gandhi, Rajmohan. Patel: A Life. Navajivan Publishing House, 1990 ISBN 81-7229-138-8
Grenier, Richard. The Gandhi Nobody Knows. Commentary, March 1983
Gordon, Haim. A Rejection of Spiritual Imperialism: Reflections on Buber's Letter to Gandhi. Journal of Ecumenical Studies, 22 June 1999.
Hunt, James D. Gandhi in London. New Delhi: Promilla & Co., Publishers, 1978.
Mann, Bernhard, The Pedagogical and Political Concepts of Mahatma Gandhi and Paulo Freire. In: Claußen, B. (Ed.) International Studies in Political Socialization and Education. Bd. 8. Hamburg 1996. ISBN 3-926952-97-0
Rühe, Peter. Gandhi: A Photo biography. ISBN 0-7148-9279-3
Sharp, Gene. Gandhi as a Political Strategist, with Essays on Ethics and Politics. Boston: Extending Horizon Books, 1979.
Singh, Col. G. B. Gandhi Behind the Mask of Divinity. Prometheus Books, 2004. ISBN 978-1573929981
Singh, Col. G. B. and Watson, Dr. Tim Gandhi Under Cross Examination, Sovereign Star Publishing, 2008. ISBN 0981499201
Sofri, Gianni. Gandhi and India: A Century in Focus. (1995) ISBN 1-900624-12-5
External links
Find more about Mohandas K. Gandhi on Wikipedia's sister projects: Definitions from Wiktionary Textbooks from Wikibooks Quotations from Wikiquote Source texts from Wikisource Images and media from Commons News stories from Wikinews Learning resources from Wikiversity
Mahatma Gandhi's autobiography
Works by Mahatma Gandhi at Project Gutenberg
Gandhi's biography from Stanford's King Encyclopedia
Gandhi- The Universal Guru
Gandhi Smriti — Government of India website
Mahatma Gandhi News Research and Media service
Mahatma Gandhi a votary of sustainable living
Mani Bhavan Gandhi Sangrahalaya Gandhi Museum & Library
Gandhi Book Centre
Works by Mahatma Gandhi
Gandhi Hall and statue at Soka University of America
Works by or about Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi in libraries (WorldCat catalog)
When Gandhi was an honoured guest in Sri Lanka
The Biography Channel: Mahatma Gandhi - Pilgrim Of Peace at Google Video (Adobe Flash video)
Mahatma Gandhi, the Missing Laureate from the Nobel Prize official website

No comments:

Post a Comment